Happy birthday, Transistor
The first working version powered up 65 years ago
The transistor, the ubiquitous building block of all electronic circuits, will be 65 years old on Sunday. The device is jointly credited to William Shockley (1910-1989), John Bardeen (1908-1991) and Walter Brattain (1902-1987), and it was Bardeen and Brattain who operated the first working point-contact transistor during an experiment conducted on 16 December 1947.
Yet this now ubiquitous device - these days more as an element in silicon chip design than as a discrete component - has a history that goes back to the mid-1920s.
Bardeen and Brattain's transistor, as replicated in 1997
The name isn’t 65 years old, either. It wasn't coined in 1947. Bell Labs employee John R Pierce (1910-2002) thought up the moniker, and in May 1948 his colleagues, who'd been presented with a list of names the new device might be named, opted for his.
”This is an abbreviated combination of the words ‘transconductance’ or ‘transfer’, and ‘varistor’,” Bell Labs’ voting paper put it at the time.
The team's work goes back to the late 1930s, but the real work didn't begin until after the end of World War II. Shockley proposed a field-effect transistor design that would be made out of thin slices of different semiconductors, including silicon, sandwiched together. Unfortunately, he wasn't able to get this design to work the way his maths anticipated, and so Bardeen and Brattain chose to investigate the simpler, surface-effect point-contact design.
The two men produced the first point-contact transistor by attaching two gold-foil point contacts to a piece of germanium, itself mounted on a metal base. The gold sheets were kept apart with a wedge of plastic. Originally a single sheet of gold, the very closely-sited contacts were made by slicing the sheet at the apex of the triangle.
This time it worked, and Bardeen and Brattain were able to extend their apparatus with circuitry able to amplify sound signals, much to the delight of their Bell Labs bosses.
The structure of the first point-contact transistor
The company would go on to put the point-contact transistor into limited production, announcing the device to the public on 1 July 1948. By then, Shockley had already developed an alternative design and the point-contact device's successor: the bipolar junction transistor. His invention, built and tested in January 1948, made for a more compact design and proved, in time, to be easier to manufacture than the bulky point-contact transistor.
It went on to become the basis for all the transistors used in electronics products right up until the broad use of Complementary Metal–Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology in the late 1960s following the discovery of the MOS by Bell Labs' John Atalla and Dawon Kahng in 1959, though their patent application wasn’t registered until 31 May 1960. It was granted on 27 August 1963.
Bell was finally able to put Shockley's junction transistor mass production in 1952, and afterwards licensed the design to other firms too, most notably a new, small Japanese company called Sony. Two years later, Bell replaced the germanium used in its transistors with silicon.
Next page: Nobel team
COMMENTS
I remember spreading the legs of a BC107 .....
... and getting it to do amazing things for me. Ah, the early '70s, wonderful times.
Technology advances
I'm always fascinated by this "right time" for technology advances when so many can have worked on the same problem at the same time, often independently and release their findings within months.
As it says on the edge of a £2 coin: Standing on the Shoulders of Giants
When Patents were meaningful
For something novel, useful and non obvious to one skilled in the art, the US patent office lost its way.
Re: Technology advances
Indeed, it probably was meant as a derogatory comment about Hooke. But like many initially derogatory things, it has come to be used positively, in this case to recognise the work of others.
Memory lane again...
Bloody hell. Remember getiing a ?4763 dual-gate IGFET. came wrapped in tinfoil, with a wire wrapped around its 4 legs. Solder it in, then remove the shorting wire and hope. Expensive. If one measured it in pocket-money weeks, it was a lot! Never blew one, but used a 3N918 FET to demonstrate how sensitive they were. Connected an analogue multimeter to the source and drain, then combed my hair about 1 metre away. my mate was astounded how the needle on it meter thrashed about, like a man posessed!
