Remembering the CDC 6600
The Craying Game
This Old Box You smell that?
That's the tangy aroma of aging silicon, cigarettes and loneliness.
This week we're traveling back to the 1960s to look at one of the crown jewels of the high performance computing world. You'll notice that — Hey! Don't touch that. Has Jean Claude Van Damme's Time Cop taught you nothing about tooling with the past?!
That's better. Yes, this column isn't just about small computers. Big girls need loving too.
Control Data Corporation 6600
Released: 1964
Price: ~$6m-$10m
OS: COS, SCOPE, MACE, KRONOS
Processor: One 60-bit CPU, ten shared-logic 12-bit peripheral I/O processors
Memory: 128K 60-bit words
Display: Printer, plotter and dual video display console
Storage: 2MB extended core storage, magnetic disk, magnetic drum
IBM internal memo
Thomas Watson Jr., IBM CEO, August 1963:
"Last week, Control Data ... announced the 6600 system. I understand that in the laboratory developing the system there are only 34 people including the janitor. Of these, 14 are engineers and 4 are programmers... Contrasting this modest effort with our vast development activities, I fail to understand why we have lost our industry leadership position by letting someone else offer the world's most powerful computer."
By 1962, computer design genius Seymour Cray was fed up with overbearing management at Control Data Corporation. He approached CDC's CEO, William Norris and gave an ultimatum. Things would have to change or he would leave. Not wanting to lose a commodity like Cray, the company gave him permission to set up a new CDC laboratory at the location of his choice.
Cray took a small team to his home town of Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin, where he continued his ongoing work to create the world's largest computer. With his closest lieutenants Jim Thornton and Les Davis, Cray constructed a computational masterwork consisting of 400,000 transistors, over 100 miles of wiring (done by hand), Freon refrigerant cooling and the fastest clock speed for its day (100 nanoseconds). With more than 100 of the systems sold over the machine's lifetime, the 6600 is considered the first ever successful supercomputer design. It was the fastest in the world from its creation until 1969 (when the CDC 7600 was introduced).
A system that needs its own address
Cut the red wire to disarm. No, the other red wire.
A 6600 setup from a CDC information pamphlet
Typical machines of the time used a single CPU to handle the entire system. The 6600 was able to out pace the competition by using a central processor assigned to math and logic only, which was supported by ten separate speedy peripheral processors.
The machine was built in a plus sign-shaped design, with a heat exchanger and cooling unit at the end of each appendage. Two arms of the central processor contain the central memory, one arm housed the CPU logic and the fourth contained the memory and logic for the peripheral processors.
Additional equipment included tape and disk units, high-speed card readers (about 1000 cards/minute) and a card punch.
The operator's console featured two large circular "scopes," that offered graphical insight on the operating system and data being processed. (It also has the distinct quality of making a person want to shout, "Welcome to the world of tomorrow!!")
I see you.
Where's the "any" key?
The CDC 6600 had 60-bit words of memory and a large disk storage device with six high-speed drums between central core storage and magnetic tapes.
It even came with a fabulous orange vinyl chair. Vendors knew how to treat a customer back then.
The 6600 solidified Cray's career and would propel him to near mythical status in the supercomputing community. Cray would later leave CDC to form his own company — but that's a story we'll tackle later on.
This cubicle is a little snug.
As always, thanks to the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California for not noticing us balancing precariously on the rails to get a better shot.
What do you think, sirs? ®
COMMENTS
I certainly remember the 6600
I joined CDC UK in 1970 and was first employed at the University of London Computer Centre which had a 6600 and later a 6400 and 7600. SIA in Victoria also had a 6600. I remember being blown away at the way the Cray team had designed the hardware. Brilliant!!! I still remember tuning clocks and 7 inches being equivalent to a Nanosecond. Ho Hum
OH YEAHH !!!
It was a lovely machine to write code for. I used one at the University of London in the later 1960s - I've still got my SCOPE, FTN and Ascent F manuals. Is there anybody else out there who used the SYSTEMC routine ? This was a wickedly useful procedure which allowed a running program to get directly at the OS and do things like over-riding fatal errors, mess around with your job control limits and other naughty things. CDC tucked the documentation for this practically out of sight in an appendix to the SCOPE reference manual. Once again, it was a wonderful machine to work with.
A waaaay back machine
Outstanding reminder of my past days at Purdue University. We had a state-wide timeshare network running on IBM-7094 hardware that ran as a batch processing front end to the CDC machine.
On one experiment in our Physics Department, I consulted with the graduate student and his professor because they were burning all of their NSF grant money up on the IBM SYS/360 they used. We recoded the electron density probability study (large matrices and double precision floating point) in FORTRAN on the CDC and it ran like greased lighting -- 4 hour runs reduced to 15 minutes.
You could actually run from the 8 word instruction stack on the processor. If you hand-optimized your code, it was possible to make an inner-product matrix multiplication loop run inside the stack. Of course, this also balanced performance on the two ALU's in the processor.
If I am not mistaken, the initial description of the CPU and PPUs was incorrect in the fact that the PPUs were actually 15-bit computers instead of the referenced 12-bit.
What about the 6500?
We had Serial #001 CDC 6500 at Michigan State University in the early 70s. Learned Fortran, LISP, and played wicked Star Trek on that beast. I loved the SCOPE OS. It was nice. It was clean. It was almost as good as Unix! Anyway, thanks for this blast from the past, as an operator, we could also have great fun getting the tape drives to open and close in sequence. Grand old machines. You are right, it's a shame modern 'puter designers can't take a lesson from the greats of the past!
6600/CYBER emulator
There is a high-performance emulator called "Desktop CYBER" for the CDC 6000 and CYBER series available at:
http://members.iinet.net.au/~tom-hunter/
The emulator supports a wide range of peripherals and runs all 60 bit operating systems including COS, SCOPE, KRONOS, NOS 1, NOS 2 and NOS/BE.
There used to be an open source version of the emulator, but it has disappeared from the website above.
